Types of Memory

• RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile, fast, stores currently running programs.
• ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile, stores firmware (e.g. BIOS).
• Cache: Fastest memory, sits between CPU and RAM (L1, L2, L3).
• Virtual Memory: Uses hard-disk space as an extension of RAM.

Memory Management Techniques

• Paging: Divides memory into fixed-size pages, eliminates external fragmentation.
• Segmentation: Divides memory into variable-size segments.
• Swapping: Moves processes between RAM and disk.