परीक्षा उपयोगिता: यो Secondary Level education section को सबैभन्दा महत्वपूर्ण note हो। सिकाइ सिद्धान्तबाट ३ प्रश्नसम्म आउन सक्छ। नाम, main idea, keyword र classroom use छुट्याउनुहोस्।
मुख्य परिभाषा
Classical conditioning
Standard definition: Classical conditioning is learning by association between stimuli.
सरल अर्थ: उत्तेजनाबीच सम्बन्ध बनेर सिकाइ हुनु।
Operant conditioning
Standard definition: Operant conditioning is learning shaped by consequences such as reward or punishment.
सरल अर्थ: पुरस्कार/दण्ड जस्ता परिणामबाट व्यवहार सिकिनु।
Trial and error learning
Standard definition: Trial and error learning occurs through repeated attempts where wrong responses are eliminated and correct responses are strengthened.
सरल अर्थ: बारम्बार प्रयास गर्दा गलत हट्दै सही तरिका सिकिने प्रक्रिया।
Insight learning
Standard definition: Insight learning is sudden understanding of a problem situation and its solution.
सरल अर्थ: समस्या र समाधान अचानक बुझेर सिक्नु।
Piaget cognitive theory
Standard definition: Piaget’s theory explains children’s cognitive development through stages.
सरल अर्थ: बालबालिकाको सोचाइ/ज्ञानात्मक विकास चरणबद्ध हुन्छ भन्ने सिद्धान्त।
Bandura social learning
Standard definition: Bandura’s theory states that people learn by observing and imitating models.
सरल अर्थ: अरूको व्यवहार हेरेर र अनुकरण गरेर सिकिन्छ भन्ने सिद्धान्त।
सिद्धान्त तुलना
| सिद्धान्त | Keyword | Classroom use |
|---|---|---|
| Classical | Stimulus-response association | सकारात्मक वातावरण |
| Operant | Reward, punishment, reinforcement | राम्रो व्यवहार reinforce |
| Trial and Error | Practice, mistake, success | problem solving अभ्यास |
| Insight | Sudden understanding | problem situation र discovery |
| Piaget | Cognitive stages | उमेरअनुसार teaching |
| Bandura | Observation, imitation, model | teacher as model, peer learning |
Exam Point
Bandura = observation/model/imitation. Piaget = cognitive development stages. Operant = reinforcement. Trial and Error = repeated attempt. यी संकेत याद गर्नुहोस्।
MCQ Revision Points
- Bandura social learning observation मा आधारित छ।
- Piaget cognitive development stages सँग सम्बन्धित छ।
- Operant conditioning reinforcement सँग जोडिन्छ।
- Insight learning अचानक समाधान बुझ्नु हो।