Memory picture
Computer = Input, Process, Output, Storage
यो chapter मा सबै कुरा यही चार शब्द वरिपरि घुम्छ। device, memory, software र file system लाई यही map मा राखेर सम्झनुहोस्।
Syllabus Focus
- Definition, history, generation, characteristics, types and applications of computers.
- Computer system overview: data, data processing, hardware and software.
- Input unit, CPU, output unit, primary memory and auxiliary memory.
- Types of software, programming languages, firmware and cache memory.
- Multimedia concept.
- File management, disk structure, file/folder concept, file types and extensions.
- ASCII and Unicode standards.
Standard definitions
Computer
Standard definition: A computer is an electronic programmable device that accepts data as input, processes it according to instructions, stores it and produces output.
Simple meaning: Data लिन्छ, instruction अनुसार काम गर्छ, result दिन्छ र आवश्यक परे storage मा राख्छ।
Data
Standard definition: Data are raw facts, figures, symbols or observations that can be processed by a computer system.
Simple meaning: अझै अर्थ ननिकालिएको कच्चा तथ्य वा अंक।
Information
Standard definition: Information is processed, organised and meaningful data useful for decision making.
Simple meaning: Data process भएपछि बुझ्न मिल्ने उपयोगी नतिजा।
Hardware
Standard definition: Hardware refers to the physical and tangible components of a computer system.
Simple meaning: छुन मिल्ने computer parts, जस्तै keyboard, monitor, CPU, printer।
Software
Standard definition: Software is a set of programs, procedures and related data that instructs hardware to perform specific tasks.
Simple meaning: Hardware लाई के गर्ने भनेर चलाउने program।
Primary Memory
Standard definition: Primary memory is the main memory directly accessible by the CPU for currently running programs and data.
Simple meaning: CPU ले तुरुन्तै प्रयोग गर्ने memory, जस्तै RAM र ROM।
Cache Memory
Standard definition: Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory placed near or inside the CPU to store frequently used data and instructions.
Simple meaning: CPU लाई छिटो चाहिने data राख्ने सानो तर धेरै छिटो memory।
Firmware
Standard definition: Firmware is software permanently or semi-permanently stored in hardware to control low-level device operations.
Simple meaning: Device भित्रै रहेको control program, जस्तै BIOS/UEFI।
Input Device
Standard definition: An input device is hardware used to enter data and instructions into a computer system.
Simple meaning: Computer मा data हाल्ने device, जस्तै keyboard, mouse, scanner।
Output Device
Standard definition: An output device is hardware that presents processed information from a computer to the user.
Simple meaning: Computer को result देखाउने/सुनाउने device, जस्तै monitor, printer, speaker।
ASCII
Standard definition: ASCII is a character encoding standard that represents English letters, digits and control characters using numeric codes.
Simple meaning: English अक्षर र symbols लाई number code मा represent गर्ने पुरानो standard।
Unicode
Standard definition: Unicode is a universal character encoding standard designed to represent text from almost all writing systems.
Simple meaning: देवनागरी लगायत धेरै भाषाका अक्षरलाई एउटै standard मा राख्ने code system।
Input
Keyboard, mouse, scanner जस्ता device बाट data computer मा जान्छ।
Process
CPU ले instruction अनुसार data processing गर्छ।
Output
Monitor, printer वा speaker बाट result देखिन्छ।
Storage
RAM अस्थायी हुन्छ, hard disk/SSD स्थायी भण्डारण हो।
छिटो सम्झिने कार्ड
Hardware
छुन मिल्ने भाग: CPU, monitor, keyboard, printer, storage।
Software
काम गराउने program: OS, application, utility, driver।
Firmware
Hardware भित्रै रहने special software, जस्तै BIOS/UEFI।
Unicode
देवनागरी लगायत धेरै भाषालाई एउटै standard मा represent गर्ने coding system।