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लोक सेवा आयोगको वेबसाइट अहिले चलेको छैन। आयोग सञ्चालनमा आउनासाथ सूचना तथा नतिजा अपडेट गरिनेछ।

📊 1.3.1 GDP — Gross Domestic Product (कुल गृहस्थ उत्पादन)

परिभाषा: एक निश्चित अवधि (सामान्यतः एक वर्ष) मा देशभित्र उत्पादित सम्पूर्ण अन्तिम वस्तु तथा सेवाहरूको बजार मूल्यको जोड।

Expenditure Approach: GDP = C + I + G + (X-M)
C = Private Consumption | I = Investment | G = Government Spending | X-M = Net Exports

Income Approach: GDP = Wages + Rent + Interest + Profit
Production Approach: GDP = Value Added in all sectors

Real GDP = Nominal GDP / GDP Deflator × 100 (inflation adjusted)
GDP Growth Rate = (GDP_t – GDP_t-1) / GDP_t-1 × 100

अवधारणा विवरण
Nominal GDP Current Prices मा — Inflation को असर समावेश
Real GDP Base Year Prices मा — Inflation adjust गरेको
GDP Deflator Nominal GDP / Real GDP × 100 — Broad price index
नेपालको GDP (2023) ~US$ 42 Billion | Growth ~4-5%

🌍 1.3.2 GNP, NNP र अन्य National Income Concepts

GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)
NFIA = Remittance Received – Remittance Paid
Nepal: GNP > GDP (Positive NFIA due to Remittance)

NNP (Net National Product) = GNP – Depreciation
NNP at Factor Cost = National Income
Per Capita Income = National Income / Population

Concept Formula Nepal Context
GDP C+I+G+(X-M) ~US$42 Billion
GNP GDP + NFIA GDP भन्दा बढी (Remittance कारण)
NNP GNP – Depreciation Net Production measure
Per Capita GNI GNI/Population ~US$ 1,337

🌱 1.3.3 HDI — Human Development Index

परिभाषा: UNDP ले विकास गरेको मानव विकास मापन सूचकांक — GDP मात्र नभई शिक्षा र स्वास्थ्य पनि समावेश।

आयाम (Dimension) सूचक Weight
Long Healthy Life Life Expectancy at Birth 1/3
Knowledge (शिक्षा) Expected + Mean Years of Schooling 1/3
Standard of Living GNI per Capita (PPP US$) 1/3

HDI = Geometric Mean of three dimension indices = (Health × Education × Income)^(1/3)

HDI Category HDI Value
Very High Human Development 0.800+
High Human Development 0.700–0.799
Medium Human Development 0.550–0.699
Low Human Development <0.550

Nepal HDI (2023): ~0.602 — Medium Human Development | Rank ~145/193

💰 1.3.4–1.3.7 लगानी, खपत र बचत (Investment, Consumption, Savings)

Keynesian Model:
Y = C + S (Income = Consumption + Savings)
C = a + bY (a = Autonomous Consumption, b = MPC)
MPC = ΔC/ΔY (Marginal Propensity to Consume)
MPS = ΔS/ΔY = 1 – MPC (Marginal Propensity to Save)

Investment Multiplier: k = 1/(1-MPC) = 1/MPS
If MPC = 0.8, then k = 1/0.2 = 5 (रु. 1 थप Investment = रु. 5 थप Income)

अवधारणा विवरण Nepal Data
Gross Capital Formation (GCF) Total Investment in Economy GDP को ~25-30%
Gross Domestic Savings GDP – Consumption ~10-15% of GDP (Low!)
Domestic Saving Gap Investment > Domestic Saving Foreign Aid/Remittance by gap
FDI Foreign Direct Investment ~US$200-300M annually (Low)
ICIMOD Nepal based research Mountain Economy research
💡 Nepal Saving-Investment Gap: Nepal को Domestic Saving कम छ (~10-12% GDP) तर Investment आवश्यकता ~30%+ — यो Gap Remittance र Foreign Aid बाट पूरा हुन्छ। यसैले NRB ले Remittance लाई Productive Investment मा लगाउन प्रोत्साहन दिन्छ।

✍️ ५ अंक — “GDP र GNP बीचको अन्तर र नेपालमा यनको महत्त्व”

  1. GDP: देशभित्र उत्पादित; GNP: देशका नागरिकले जहाँसुकै उत्पादित
  2. GNP = GDP + NFIA; Nepal मा NFIA Positive (Remittance Workers Abroad)
  3. Nepal: GNP > GDP — Remittance ले NFIA Positive बनाउँछ
  4. GDP Growth = देशको उत्पादन क्षमता; GNP = नागरिकको आय
  5. NRB: GDP data use गरेर Monetary Policy calibrate गर्छ
🔑 National Income Hierarchy:
GDP → GNP (±NFIA) → NNP (−Depreciation) → NI at Factor Cost → PCI
Nepal GNP > GDP because Remittance > Factor Payment Abroad
MPC + MPS = 1 always | Multiplier k = 1/MPS
💡 सम्भावित प्रश्न: “HDI को अवधारणा र महत्त्व” | “MPC र Multiplier” | “Nepal को Saving-Investment Gap” | “Real vs Nominal GDP”