🏦 3.2 नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक ऐन, २०५८ (NRB Act 2058) ★★★
यो ऐन NRB को मूल कानून (Enabling Act) हो — NRB को स्थापना, संगठन, कार्य र अधिकार यसले निर्धारण गर्छ।
| विषय | व्यवस्था |
|---|---|
| स्थापना | धारा ३ — NRB को स्थापना; स्वायत्त निकाय |
| उद्देश्य (धारा ५) | १. मूल्य स्थायित्व २. वित्तीय प्रणाली स्थायित्व ३. भुक्तानी प्रणाली विकास |
| Governor नियुक्ति | Cabinet Recommendation → President Appointment; ५ वर्ष कार्यकाल |
| Deputy Governor | ३ जना Deputy Governor; ५ वर्ष |
| BOD (Board) | Governor + ३ Deputy + ३ GoN Nominees; BoD = Supreme Policy Body |
| NRB को कार्यहरू | Currency Issue, Monetary Policy, Lender of Last Resort, Govt Banker, Forex Mgmt |
| Independence | NRB को Operational Independence — Government interference सीमित |
| Annual Report | Parliament र Government लाई annual report पेश अनिवार्य |
💡 NRB को Lender of Last Resort (LOLR) Function: Financial System Crisis मा NRB ले BFI हरूलाई Emergency Liquidity दिन्छ — यो धारा ७७ अन्तर्गत छ। तर यो Moral Hazard पनि सिर्जना गर्न सक्छ।
📋 NRB ऐन अन्तर्गत मुख्य Powers
| Power | विवरण |
|---|---|
| Currency Issuance | एकमात्र Legal Tender जारी गर्ने अधिकार — Sole Note Issuing Authority |
| Monetary Policy | CRR, SLR, Policy Rate, OMO निर्धारण |
| Licensing | BFI को License दिने र खारेज गर्ने |
| Supervision | Onsite र Offsite Inspection; CAMEL Rating |
| Foreign Exchange | Forex Reserve Management; Exchange Rate Determination |
| Govt Banking | Government को Account Manage; T-Bills/Bonds Issue |
| Payment System | RTGS, CDS, NCHL Oversight |
| Penalty | Non-compliant BFI लाई fine, license cancel |
🏛️ 3.3 बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्था ऐन, २०७३ (BAFIA 2073) ★★★
BAFIA 2073 ले Nepal का सबै BFI हरूको Licensing, Regulation, Supervision र Dissolution को framework दिन्छ।
| वर्ग (Class) | न्यूनतम पूँजी | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| Class ‘क’ (Commercial Banks) | रु. ८ अर्ब | Nabil, NIBL, RBB, NBL |
| Class ‘ख’ (Development Banks) | रु. २.५ अर्ब | Muktinath, Karnali |
| Class ‘ग’ (Finance Companies) | रु. ८० करोड | Various Finance Companies |
| Class ‘घ’ (Microfinance) | रु. ५ करोड | Nirdhan, Grameen, etc. |
| BAFIA को मुख्य प्रावधान | विवरण |
|---|---|
| Licensing | NRB से License — Application, Fit & Proper Test |
| Capital Requirements | Class-wise Minimum Paid-up Capital |
| Governance | Board Composition, CEO Appointment, Audit Committee |
| CRR/SLR | Liquidity Requirements — NRB Directive अनुसार |
| Loan Classification | Pass/Watch-list/Sub-standard/Doubtful/Loss |
| Loan Loss Provision | Pass: 1%, Sub-standard: 25%, Doubtful: 50%, Loss: 100% |
| Single Borrower Limit | Core Capital को 25% — Concentration Risk |
| Insider Lending | Director/Promoter lendingमा strict restriction |
| Consumer Protection | Interest Transparency, Complaint Mechanism |
| Dissolution | License Cancellation, Moratorium, Merger by NRB Order |
⚠️ Prompt Corrective Action (PCA): BAFIA 2073 अन्तर्गत NRB ले Distressed BFI मा PCA trigger गर्न सक्छ — Credit Restriction, Management Change, Forced Merger।
✍️ १० अंक — “NRB ऐन, २०५८ अनुसार NRB का कार्य, कर्तव्य र अधिकारहरू वर्णन गर्नुस्”
- NRB Act 2058 — NRB को Enabling Act; स्वायत्त Central Bank
- उद्देश्य (धारा ५): Price Stability + Financial Stability + Payment System
- Currency Issuance: एकमात्र Legal Tender Issue Authority
- Monetary Policy: Policy Rate, CRR, SLR, OMO — annual Shrawan मा
- Supervision: CAMEL Rating, Onsite/Offsite Inspection
- Forex Management: Reserve Management, Exchange Rate, BOP
- Govt Banker: T-Bills/Bonds Issue; TSA Management; Debt Manager
- Lender of Last Resort: Emergency Liquidity Support
- Payment System: RTGS, NCHL, FonePay Oversight
- Independence: Operational Autonomy — Governor ५ year term, कार्यकाल सुरक्षित
🔑 NRB Act 2058 KEY:
स्थापना: धारा ३ | उद्देश्य: धारा ५ (Price Stability + Financial Stability + Payment)
Governor: Cabinet Recommend, President Appoint, 5 yr term
BAFIA 2073: Class क/ख/ग/घ | Capital: 8B/2.5B/800M/50M
Loan Provision: Pass 1% → Loss 100% | Single Borrower Limit: 25% of Core Capital
स्थापना: धारा ३ | उद्देश्य: धारा ५ (Price Stability + Financial Stability + Payment)
Governor: Cabinet Recommend, President Appoint, 5 yr term
BAFIA 2073: Class क/ख/ग/घ | Capital: 8B/2.5B/800M/50M
Loan Provision: Pass 1% → Loss 100% | Single Borrower Limit: 25% of Core Capital
💡 सम्भावित प्रश्न: “NRB को मुख्य कार्यहरू” | “BAFIA अनुसार BFI Classification” | “Loan Classification र Provision” | “NRB को Central Bank Independence”