🏦 3.2 नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक ऐन, २०५८ (NRB Act 2058) ★★★

यो ऐन NRB को मूल कानून (Enabling Act) हो — NRB को स्थापना, संगठन, कार्य र अधिकार यसले निर्धारण गर्छ।

विषय व्यवस्था
स्थापना धारा ३ — NRB को स्थापना; स्वायत्त निकाय
उद्देश्य (धारा ५) १. मूल्य स्थायित्व २. वित्तीय प्रणाली स्थायित्व ३. भुक्तानी प्रणाली विकास
Governor नियुक्ति Cabinet Recommendation → President Appointment; ५ वर्ष कार्यकाल
Deputy Governor ३ जना Deputy Governor; ५ वर्ष
BOD (Board) Governor + ३ Deputy + ३ GoN Nominees; BoD = Supreme Policy Body
NRB को कार्यहरू Currency Issue, Monetary Policy, Lender of Last Resort, Govt Banker, Forex Mgmt
Independence NRB को Operational Independence — Government interference सीमित
Annual Report Parliament र Government लाई annual report पेश अनिवार्य
💡 NRB को Lender of Last Resort (LOLR) Function: Financial System Crisis मा NRB ले BFI हरूलाई Emergency Liquidity दिन्छ — यो धारा ७७ अन्तर्गत छ। तर यो Moral Hazard पनि सिर्जना गर्न सक्छ।

📋 NRB ऐन अन्तर्गत मुख्य Powers

Power विवरण
Currency Issuance एकमात्र Legal Tender जारी गर्ने अधिकार — Sole Note Issuing Authority
Monetary Policy CRR, SLR, Policy Rate, OMO निर्धारण
Licensing BFI को License दिने र खारेज गर्ने
Supervision Onsite र Offsite Inspection; CAMEL Rating
Foreign Exchange Forex Reserve Management; Exchange Rate Determination
Govt Banking Government को Account Manage; T-Bills/Bonds Issue
Payment System RTGS, CDS, NCHL Oversight
Penalty Non-compliant BFI लाई fine, license cancel

🏛️ 3.3 बैंक तथा वित्तीय संस्था ऐन, २०७३ (BAFIA 2073) ★★★

BAFIA 2073 ले Nepal का सबै BFI हरूको Licensing, Regulation, Supervision र Dissolution को framework दिन्छ।

वर्ग (Class) न्यूनतम पूँजी उदाहरण
Class ‘क’ (Commercial Banks) रु. ८ अर्ब Nabil, NIBL, RBB, NBL
Class ‘ख’ (Development Banks) रु. २.५ अर्ब Muktinath, Karnali
Class ‘ग’ (Finance Companies) रु. ८० करोड Various Finance Companies
Class ‘घ’ (Microfinance) रु. ५ करोड Nirdhan, Grameen, etc.
BAFIA को मुख्य प्रावधान विवरण
Licensing NRB से License — Application, Fit & Proper Test
Capital Requirements Class-wise Minimum Paid-up Capital
Governance Board Composition, CEO Appointment, Audit Committee
CRR/SLR Liquidity Requirements — NRB Directive अनुसार
Loan Classification Pass/Watch-list/Sub-standard/Doubtful/Loss
Loan Loss Provision Pass: 1%, Sub-standard: 25%, Doubtful: 50%, Loss: 100%
Single Borrower Limit Core Capital को 25% — Concentration Risk
Insider Lending Director/Promoter lendingमा strict restriction
Consumer Protection Interest Transparency, Complaint Mechanism
Dissolution License Cancellation, Moratorium, Merger by NRB Order
⚠️ Prompt Corrective Action (PCA): BAFIA 2073 अन्तर्गत NRB ले Distressed BFI मा PCA trigger गर्न सक्छ — Credit Restriction, Management Change, Forced Merger।

✍️ १० अंक — “NRB ऐन, २०५८ अनुसार NRB का कार्य, कर्तव्य र अधिकारहरू वर्णन गर्नुस्”

  1. NRB Act 2058 — NRB को Enabling Act; स्वायत्त Central Bank
  2. उद्देश्य (धारा ५): Price Stability + Financial Stability + Payment System
  3. Currency Issuance: एकमात्र Legal Tender Issue Authority
  4. Monetary Policy: Policy Rate, CRR, SLR, OMO — annual Shrawan मा
  5. Supervision: CAMEL Rating, Onsite/Offsite Inspection
  6. Forex Management: Reserve Management, Exchange Rate, BOP
  7. Govt Banker: T-Bills/Bonds Issue; TSA Management; Debt Manager
  8. Lender of Last Resort: Emergency Liquidity Support
  9. Payment System: RTGS, NCHL, FonePay Oversight
  10. Independence: Operational Autonomy — Governor ५ year term, कार्यकाल सुरक्षित
🔑 NRB Act 2058 KEY:
स्थापना: धारा ३ | उद्देश्य: धारा ५ (Price Stability + Financial Stability + Payment)
Governor: Cabinet Recommend, President Appoint, 5 yr term
BAFIA 2073: Class क/ख/ग/घ | Capital: 8B/2.5B/800M/50M
Loan Provision: Pass 1% → Loss 100% | Single Borrower Limit: 25% of Core Capital
💡 सम्भावित प्रश्न: “NRB को मुख्य कार्यहरू” | “BAFIA अनुसार BFI Classification” | “Loan Classification र Provision” | “NRB को Central Bank Independence”