तथ्यांक व्याख्या (Data Interpretation)

दिइएका tables, graphs वा charts बाट तथ्यांक पढेर प्रश्नहरूको उत्तर दिनुपर्छ। यस खण्डमा Calculation speed र accuracy नै सफलताको कुञ्जी हो।

तथ्यांक व्याख्या — Chart Types Bar Chart Pie Chart Line Chart Tabular Data Year | Sales | Growth 2020 | 500 | — 2021 | 620 | 24% 2022 | 750 | 21% 2023 | 900 | 20% 2024 | 1050| 16.7% DI को key skill: सही data locate गर्नुस्, calculation shortcut प्रयोग गर्नुस्

1. Table DI (तालिका व्याख्या)

प्रश्न प्रकारहरू

Type Formula
Total / Sum Row वा Column sum गर्नुस्
Average Sum ÷ Count
Growth % [(New−Old)/Old]×100
Ratio A/B (simplify)
Difference Larger − Smaller
Rank Sort descending

2. Bar Chart DI

Reading Strategy

  • X-axis: Category (Year, Month, Product)
  • Y-axis: Value scale — carefully read the unit
  • Multiple bars: compare groups within same category
  • Stacked bars: total = height; each segment = component
Common error: Y-axis को scale ध्यान नदिनु। 50 देखिने bar वास्तवमा 500 हुन सक्छ — unit हेर्नुस् (thousands, lakhs, crores)।

3. Pie Chart DI

Key Formulas

Concept Formula
Value of a sector (Angle/360) × Total
Angle of a sector (Value/Total) × 360°
% of a sector (Angle/360) × 100
Ratio of two sectors Angle₁ : Angle₂
Shortcut: Pie % directly → Value = (% / 100) × Total

4. Line Graph DI

What to look for

  • Trend: Increasing / Decreasing / Fluctuating
  • Steepest rise: Maximum rate of change
  • Intersection: Two lines cross → Equal value at that point
  • Maximum/Minimum: Peak/Trough points

5. Mixed DI (Table + Chart)

Strategy

  1. दुई data source लाई link गर्ने key variable identify गर्नुस्
  2. प्रश्न सावधानीपूर्वक पढ्नुस् — table बाट लिने हो कि chart बाट?
  3. Intermediate calculation note गर्नुस्

6. Calculation Shortcuts

% Quick Calc

10% of X = X/10
5% of X = X/20
25% of X = X/4
33.33% of X = X/3
12.5% of X = X/8

Approximation

DI मा exact answer नचाहिने भए approximate:
487 ≈ 490, 1023 ≈ 1000
Choices मा gap ठूलो छ भने approximate गर्नुस्
Choices नजिक छन् भने exact calculate गर्नुस्

Ratio Quick

3:5 = 37.5% : 62.5%
2:3 = 40% : 60%
1:4 = 20% : 80%
3:7 = 30% : 70%

Sample DI — Table Practice

Year Export (Cr) Import (Cr) Trade Balance
2020 1200 1800 −600
2021 1400 2000 −600
2022 1650 2100 −450
2023 1900 2200 −300
2024 2100 2350 −250

Q: 2020-2024 मा Export को average growth rate?
Total growth = (2100−1200)/1200 × 100 = 75% over 4 years → CAGR ≈ 75/4 ≈ ~15% simple average

Quick Recall — Data Interpretation:
• Pie: Value = (Angle/360)×Total | % = (Angle/360)×100
• Growth % = [(New−Old)/Old]×100
• 10% shortcut: divide by 10
• Stacked bar: each segment = component value
• Line: steepest slope = maximum rate of change
• Mixed DI: identify the linking variable
Practice MCQs:
Q1. Pie chart मा एउटा sector को angle 72° छ भने total को कति % हो?
(A) 15%   (B) 18%   (C) 20%   (D) 25%
→ (C) 20% → (72/360)×100 = 20%

Q2. 2021 मा Export को 2020 बाट % growth?
(A) 14.3%   (B) 16.7%   (C) 15%   (D) 20%
→ (B) 16.7% → [(1400−1200)/1200]×100 = (200/1200)×100 = 16.67%