अंग्रेजी भाषा — Tenses, Grammar, Vocabulary र Reading Comprehension

अंग्रेजी भाषा (English Language)

शाखा अधिकृत परीक्षाको यस खण्डमा grammar, vocabulary र reading comprehension को परीक्षण हुन्छ। प्रशासनिक कार्यमा अंग्रेजी भाषाको व्यावहारिक प्रयोग आकलन गरिन्छ।

1. Tenses (काल)

Tense Chart

Tense	Structure	Signal Words
Simple Present	S + V₁(s/es)	always, usually, every day
Present Continuous	S + is/am/are + V-ing	now, currently, at present
Present Perfect	S + has/have + V₃	just, already, ever, never, yet
Present Perfect Cont.	S + has/have been + V-ing	since, for (ongoing)
Simple Past	S + V₂	yesterday, ago, last year
Past Continuous	S + was/were + V-ing	while, when (background action)
Past Perfect	S + had + V₃	before, after, by the time
Simple Future	S + will/shall + V₁	tomorrow, next year, soon
Future Perfect	S + will have + V₃	by tomorrow, by 2030

Common Error: “Since” → Present Perfect प्रयोग गर्नुस् (Past Simple होइन)
✗ I knew him since 2010. ✓ I have known him since 2010.

2. Articles (a, an, the)

Article	Use	Example
a	Consonant sound, first mention	a university (y sound), a dog
an	Vowel sound	an hour (h silent), an apple
the	Specific, unique, superlative, rivers/seas	the Sun, the Nile, the tallest
No article	Proper nouns, languages, sports, meals	Nepal, English, cricket, dinner

Trick: “a” र “an” को choice sound मा depend गर्छ — spelling मा होइन। “a unique” (y-sound), “an MBA” (em-sound)।

3. Subject-Verb Agreement

Rule	Example
Two subjects joined by “and” → plural verb	Ram and Sita are here.
“Either/Neither…or/nor” → verb agrees with nearer subject	Neither he nor they were present.
Collective noun → singular verb (usually)	The committee has decided.
Indefinite pronouns (everyone, each) → singular	Everyone is invited.
“The number of” → singular; “A number of” → plural	The number of students is large.

4. Active and Passive Voice

Tense	Active	Passive
Simple Present	He writes a letter.	A letter is written by him.
Simple Past	She cooked food.	Food was cooked by her.
Present Perfect	They have built a bridge.	A bridge has been built by them.
Simple Future	He will sign the document.	The document will be signed by him.
Present Continuous	She is reading the report.	The report is being read by her.

Formula: Object → Subject | Verb → be + V₃ | Subject → by + Object

5. Direct and Indirect Speech

Reporting Verb Past → Tense Shift

Direct (Tense)	Indirect (Tense)
Simple Present	Simple Past
Present Continuous	Past Continuous
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
Simple Past	Past Perfect
Simple Future (will)	would
can	could
may	might

Pronoun change: I→he/she, we→they, my→his/her, you→he/she/they
Time change: now→then, today→that day, tomorrow→next day, yesterday→previous day, here→there

6. Prepositions

Preposition	Use	Example
in	Months, years, centuries, large places	in January, in Nepal
on	Days, dates, surfaces	on Monday, on the table
at	Specific time/place	at 5 pm, at the door
since	Point of time	since 2010
for	Duration	for 3 years
by	Deadline	by Friday

7. Conditionals

Type	Structure	Meaning
Zero (universal truth)	If + Present, Present	If you heat water, it boils.
First (real possibility)	If + Present, will + V	If it rains, I will stay.
Second (unreal present)	If + Past, would + V	If I were rich, I would help.
Third (unreal past)	If + Past Perfect, would have + V₃	If I had studied, I would have passed.

8. Vocabulary

Commonly Tested Synonyms

Word	Synonyms	Antonyms
Abundant	Plentiful, Ample, Copious	Scarce, Meager
Arduous	Strenuous, Laborious, Difficult	Easy, Simple
Benevolent	Kind, Generous, Charitable	Malevolent, Cruel
Diligent	Industrious, Hardworking, Assiduous	Lazy, Idle
Eloquent	Fluent, Articulate, Expressive	Inarticulate, Tongue-tied
Frugal	Thrifty, Economical, Sparing	Extravagant, Wasteful
Gregarious	Sociable, Affable, Outgoing	Introverted, Reserved
Impeccable	Flawless, Faultless, Perfect	Flawed, Defective
Lethargic	Sluggish, Languid, Torpid	Energetic, Vigorous
Meticulous	Careful, Thorough, Precise	Careless, Negligent

9. One Word Substitution

Phrase	One Word
One who cannot be corrected	Incorrigible
One who walks in sleep	Somnambulist
A person who hates mankind	Misanthrope
Fear of water	Hydrophobia
One who eats everything	Omnivore
A word opposite in meaning	Antonym
Study of birds	Ornithology
Murder of one's own mother	Matricide
Animals that can live on land and water	Amphibian
A government by the people	Democracy
Handwriting that cannot be read	Illegible

Quick Recall — English Grammar:
• Present Perfect + since/just/already/yet/ever/never
• “a” = consonant sound, “an” = vowel sound
• Passive: Object → Subject + be + V₃ + by + Agent
• Indirect: reporting verb past → tense shifts back one step
• Conditional II: If + Past Simple, would + V (were for all persons)
• Subject-verb: “The number of” = singular; “A number of” = plural

Practice MCQs:
Q1. Choose the correct sentence:
(A) She has been working here since three years.
(B) She has been working here for three years.
(C) She is working here since three years.
(D) She was working here for three years.
→ (B) “for” duration; “since” point in time

Q2. Passive voice of “The officer signed the document”:
(A) The document was signed by the officer.
(B) The document is signed by the officer.
(C) The document has been signed by the officer.
(D) The document signed by the officer.
→ (A) Simple past → was/were + V₃

Q3. Synonym of “DILIGENT”:
(A) Lazy (B) Industrious (C) Careless (D) Reckless
→ (B) Industrious